Our knowledge about the history of the historic bazaar in Kermanshah is very limited. It has been said that the bazaar once extended from east gate to west gate in the city. Nevertheless, what is left of the bazaar is its middle part in the city center. This research attempts to identify the formation of the bazaar and determine dates of construction for its key monuments through a review of documents related to key patrons of the city. The results indicate that the construction of the bazaar started from the east gate at the beginning of Qajar rule circa 1780 AD. Under the rule of Nasser-ed-Din Shah during the next fifty years, the bazaar extended westwards. The last phase in formation of the bazaar corresponds to the last years of the Qajar Dynasty, which ends in 1920s. In the subsequent Pahlavi Period, new streets were built through the fabric cutting the bazaar in sections. Many of the monuments were then demolished and/or replaced with modern buildings, plazas, etc.

Beginning of the Safavid Empire, ie, the reign of Ismail and Tahmasp was the era of prosperity and development of calligraphy in Iran. This era can be divided into three periods of approximately equal length. The first was a period of transition from Timurid Herat to Safavid Tabriz. The second period, which coincided with the first years of the reign of Tahmasp and his interest in art of the book, was the period of regularization of some scripts, specially nasta’liq and its use for a copy of Quran for the first time. In the third period, which coincided with the Tahmasp repentance and his withdrawal from painting, calligraphy continued its artistic life. Calligraphy in this era had two specific functions. First was artistic function and second was an administrative use. The aim of this essay is the survey of evolutions of calligraphy, various kinds of scripts used by safavid calligraphers, the role of patrons, eminent nasta’liq calligraphers and their social status in the early safavid period.

Iranian Moslem painters have observed the divinely world through the world beauties; aimed at finding out the worldly instances and understanding the eternal realities. These beliefs have affected the portraiture in Iranian traditional painting; therefore, despite of the western painting, the Iranian painting has been rarely served the creation of the iconography. Regarding the above mentioned points, the portraits in Iranian traditional painting are unique, while they have been painted based on specific patterns. This methodology led some researchers to a fault judgment; so that they have observed the portraits as similar and rigid ones. However, the Iranian traditional portraiture has been affected by different social factors. In this article, social development indicators, from the Sassanid to the Safavid era, has been studied and the major developments in portraiture has been analyzed. Iranian artists, in addition to applying traditional rules and patterns, they also experienced their own personal styles. Turning towards western art, made artists to ignore the traditional method of portraiture, as a result, this kind of art changed its direction towards realism. In this article the historic, descriptive and comparative methods have been used.

Background and Aims: Recycling is proposed as an economic model for saving raw material and energy costs, pollution reduction, reducing waste, resource depletion, and situation improvement in a range of environmental pollution issues. This study is performed on attitude, awareness, and action of Sabzevar healthcare centers clients about waste separation.Materials and Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was of sectional type and is performed on a population of individuals who had arrived at Sabzevar healthcare centers in 1393. Sample size was 389. It is worth mentioning that sample was collected from seven different centers and analyzed by SPSS 16 package.Results: Clients were on average 32 years old. There was a significant relationship between educational levels and awareness (p=0.006) and attitude (p=0.032) among healthcare centers clients. Higher scores of awareness and attitude was reported among individuals with MSc or higher degrees. Lower scores of awareness and attitude was respectively reported among individuals with elementary or high school degrees. Relationship between job and knowledge scores among healthcare centers clients was statistically significant (p=0.006). Also average awareness score wasn’t statistically significant among single people and was less than married people (p=0.312).Conclusion: According to high degree of awareness, attitude and act of people arriving at healthcare centers it was proposed that the relevent organizations take some practical actions specially municipalities- in order to upgrade citizens’ awareness and functions. These environmental activities can be improved through collaborative and incentive programs.